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Slimming down the Atmel AVR port.

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This commit is contained in:
skarg
2007-10-19 03:21:45 +00:00
parent bfefe8cd62
commit 194c6d17ac
9 changed files with 386 additions and 167 deletions
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bacnet-stack/include/bacnet.h
+2 -1
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@@ -44,10 +44,11 @@
#include "bacapp.h"
#include "bacdcode.h"
#include "bacint.h"
#include "bacreal.h"
#include "bacstr.h"
#include "bacdef.h"
#include "bacenum.h"
#include "bacerror.h"
#include "bacstr.h"
#include "bactext.h"
#include "datalink.h"
#include "indtext.h"
bacnet-stack/include/iam.h
+5
View File
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ extern "C" {
uint32_t * pDevice_id,
unsigned *pMax_apdu, int *pSegmentation, uint16_t * pVendor_id);
int iam_encode_pdu(
uint8_t * buffer,
BACNET_ADDRESS *dest,
BACNET_NPDU_DATA *npdu_data);
int iam_send(uint8_t * buffer);
#ifdef TEST
bacnet-stack/ports/atmega168/ai.c
+11 -1
View File
@@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ uint32_t Analog_Input_Index_To_Instance(unsigned index)
return index;
}
/* we simply have 0-n object instances. */
unsigned Analog_Input_Instance_To_Index(uint32_t object_instance)
{
return object_instance;
}
char *Analog_Input_Name(uint32_t object_instance)
{
static char text_string[5] = "AI-0"; /* okay for single thread */
@@ -87,6 +94,8 @@ int Analog_Input_Encode_Property_APDU(uint8_t * apdu,
int apdu_len = 0; /* return value */
BACNET_BIT_STRING bit_string;
BACNET_CHARACTER_STRING char_string;
unsigned object_index;
(void) array_index;
switch (property) {
@@ -108,8 +117,9 @@ int Analog_Input_Encode_Property_APDU(uint8_t * apdu,
OBJECT_ANALOG_INPUT);
break;
case PROP_PRESENT_VALUE:
object_index = Analog_Input_Instance_To_Index(object_instance);
apdu_len = encode_application_real(&apdu[0],
Present_Value[object_instance]);
Present_Value[object_index]);
break;
case PROP_STATUS_FLAGS:
bitstring_init(&bit_string);
bacnet-stack/ports/atmega168/av.c
+310
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
/**************************************************************************
*
* Copyright (C) 2006 Steve Karg <skarg@users.sourceforge.net>
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
*********************************************************************/
/* Analog Value Objects - customize for your use */
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "bacdef.h"
#include "bacdcode.h"
#include "bacenum.h"
#include "bacapp.h"
#include "config.h" /* the custom stuff */
#include "wp.h"
#define MAX_ANALOG_VALUES 9
#if (MAX_ANALOG_VALUES > 9)
#error Modify the Analog_Value_Name to handle multiple digits
#endif
float Present_Value[MAX_ANALOG_VALUES];
/* we simply have 0-n object instances. Yours might be */
/* more complex, and then you need validate that the */
/* given instance exists */
bool Analog_Value_Valid_Instance(uint32_t object_instance)
{
if (object_instance < MAX_ANALOG_VALUES)
return true;
return false;
}
/* we simply have 0-n object instances. Yours might be */
/* more complex, and then count how many you have */
unsigned Analog_Value_Count(void)
{
return MAX_ANALOG_VALUES;
}
/* we simply have 0-n object instances. Yours might be */
/* more complex, and then you need to return the instance */
/* that correlates to the correct index */
uint32_t Analog_Value_Index_To_Instance(unsigned index)
{
return index;
}
/* we simply have 0-n object instances. Yours might be */
/* more complex, and then you need to return the index */
/* that correlates to the correct instance number */
unsigned Analog_Value_Instance_To_Index(uint32_t object_instance)
{
unsigned index = MAX_ANALOG_VALUES;
Analog_Value_Init();
if (object_instance < MAX_ANALOG_VALUES)
index = object_instance;
return index;
}
/* note: the object name must be unique within this device */
char *Analog_Value_Name(uint32_t object_instance)
{
static char text_string[5] = "AV-0"; /* okay for single thread */
if (object_instance < MAX_ANALOG_VALUES) {
text_string[3] = '0' + (uint8_t)object_instance;
return text_string;
}
return NULL;
}
/* return apdu len, or -1 on error */
int Analog_Value_Encode_Property_APDU(uint8_t * apdu,
uint32_t object_instance,
BACNET_PROPERTY_ID property,
int32_t array_index,
BACNET_ERROR_CLASS * error_class, BACNET_ERROR_CODE * error_code)
{
int apdu_len = 0; /* return value */
BACNET_BIT_STRING bit_string;
BACNET_CHARACTER_STRING char_string;
unsigned object_index;
switch (property) {
case PROP_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER:
apdu_len = encode_application_object_id(&apdu[0], OBJECT_ANALOG_VALUE,
object_instance);
break;
case PROP_OBJECT_NAME:
case PROP_DESCRIPTION:
characterstring_init_ansi(&char_string,
Analog_Value_Name(object_instance));
apdu_len = encode_application_character_string(&apdu[0], &char_string);
break;
case PROP_OBJECT_TYPE:
apdu_len = encode_application_enumerated(&apdu[0], OBJECT_ANALOG_VALUE);
break;
case PROP_PRESENT_VALUE:
object_index = Analog_Value_Instance_To_Index(object_instance);
apdu_len = encode_application_real(&apdu[0], Present_Value[object_index]);
break;
case PROP_STATUS_FLAGS:
bitstring_init(&bit_string);
bitstring_set_bit(&bit_string, STATUS_FLAG_IN_ALARM, false);
bitstring_set_bit(&bit_string, STATUS_FLAG_FAULT, false);
bitstring_set_bit(&bit_string, STATUS_FLAG_OVERRIDDEN, false);
bitstring_set_bit(&bit_string, STATUS_FLAG_OUT_OF_SERVICE, false);
apdu_len = encode_application_bitstring(&apdu[0], &bit_string);
break;
case PROP_EVENT_STATE:
apdu_len = encode_application_enumerated(&apdu[0], EVENT_STATE_NORMAL);
break;
case PROP_OUT_OF_SERVICE:
apdu_len = encode_application_boolean(&apdu[0], false);
break;
case PROP_UNITS:
apdu_len = encode_application_enumerated(&apdu[0], UNITS_PERCENT);
break;
default:
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_UNKNOWN_PROPERTY;
apdu_len = -1;
break;
}
return apdu_len;
}
#if 0
/* returns true if successful */
bool Analog_Value_Write_Property(BACNET_WRITE_PROPERTY_DATA * wp_data,
BACNET_ERROR_CLASS * error_class, BACNET_ERROR_CODE * error_code)
{
bool status = false; /* return value */
unsigned int object_index = 0;
unsigned int priority = 0;
uint8_t level = ANALOG_LEVEL_NULL;
int len = 0;
BACNET_APPLICATION_DATA_VALUE value;
Analog_Value_Init();
if (!Analog_Value_Valid_Instance(wp_data->object_instance)) {
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_OBJECT;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_UNKNOWN_OBJECT;
return false;
}
/* decode the some of the request */
len = bacapp_decode_application_data(wp_data->application_data,
wp_data->application_data_len, &value);
/* FIXME: len < application_data_len: more data? */
/* FIXME: len == 0: unable to decode? */
switch (wp_data->object_property) {
case PROP_PRESENT_VALUE:
if (value.tag == BACNET_APPLICATION_TAG_REAL) {
priority = wp_data->priority;
/* Command priority 6 is reserved for use by Minimum On/Off
algorithm and may not be used for other purposes in any
object. */
if (priority && (priority <= BACNET_MAX_PRIORITY) &&
(priority != 6 /* reserved */ ) &&
(value.type.Real >= 0.0) && (value.type.Real <= 100.0)) {
level = (uint8_t) value.type.Real;
object_index =
Analog_Value_Instance_To_Index(wp_data->
object_instance);
priority--;
Present_Value[object_index] = level;
/* Note: you could set the physical output here if we
are the highest priority.
However, if Out of Service is TRUE, then don't set the
physical output. This comment may apply to the
main loop (i.e. check out of service before changing output) */
status = true;
} else if (priority == 6) {
/* Command priority 6 is reserved for use by Minimum On/Off
algorithm and may not be used for other purposes in any
object. */
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_WRITE_ACCESS_DENIED;
} else {
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE;
}
#if 0
} else if (value.tag == BACNET_APPLICATION_TAG_NULL) {
level = ANALOG_LEVEL_NULL;
object_index =
Analog_Value_Instance_To_Index(wp_data->object_instance);
priority = wp_data->priority;
if (priority && (priority <= BACNET_MAX_PRIORITY)) {
priority--;
Present_Value[object_index][priority] = level;
/* Note: you could set the physical output here to the next
highest priority, or to the relinquish default if no
priorities are set.
However, if Out of Service is TRUE, then don't set the
physical output. This comment may apply to the
main loop (i.e. check out of service before changing output) */
status = true;
} else {
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE;
}
#endif
} else {
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
}
break;
#if 0
case PROP_OUT_OF_SERVICE:
if (value.tag == BACNET_APPLICATION_TAG_BOOLEAN) {
object_index =
Analog_Value_Instance_To_Index(wp_data->object_instance);
Analog_Value_Out_Of_Service[object_index] = value.type.Boolean;
status = true;
} else {
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_INVALID_DATA_TYPE;
}
break;
#endif
default:
*error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
*error_code = ERROR_CODE_WRITE_ACCESS_DENIED;
break;
}
return status;
}
#endif
#ifdef TEST
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "ctest.h"
void testAnalog_Value(Test * pTest)
{
uint8_t apdu[MAX_APDU] = { 0 };
int len = 0;
uint32_t len_value = 0;
uint8_t tag_number = 0;
BACNET_OBJECT_TYPE decoded_type = OBJECT_ANALOG_VALUE;
uint32_t decoded_instance = 0;
uint32_t instance = 123;
BACNET_ERROR_CLASS error_class;
BACNET_ERROR_CODE error_code;
len = Analog_Value_Encode_Property_APDU(&apdu[0],
instance,
PROP_OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
BACNET_ARRAY_ALL, &error_class, &error_code);
ct_test(pTest, len != 0);
len = decode_tag_number_and_value(&apdu[0], &tag_number, &len_value);
ct_test(pTest, tag_number == BACNET_APPLICATION_TAG_OBJECT_ID);
len = decode_object_id(&apdu[len],
(int *) &decoded_type, &decoded_instance);
ct_test(pTest, decoded_type == OBJECT_ANALOG_VALUE);
ct_test(pTest, decoded_instance == instance);
return;
}
#ifdef TEST_ANALOG_VALUE
int main(void)
{
Test *pTest;
bool rc;
pTest = ct_create("BACnet Analog Value", NULL);
/* individual tests */
rc = ct_addTestFunction(pTest, testAnalog_Value);
assert(rc);
ct_setStream(pTest, stdout);
ct_run(pTest);
(void) ct_report(pTest);
ct_destroy(pTest);
return 0;
}
#endif /* TEST_ANALOG_VALUE */
#endif /* TEST */
bacnet-stack/ports/atmega168/dlmstp.c
+30 -142
View File
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
#include "npdu.h"
#include "bits.h"
#include "bacaddr.h"
#include "iam.h"
#include "txbuf.h"
/* This file has been customized for use with small microprocessors */
/* Assumptions:
@@ -270,114 +272,26 @@ void dlmstp_fill_bacnet_address(BACNET_ADDRESS * src, uint8_t mstp_address)
}
}
static bool dlmstp_compare_data_expecting_reply(
uint8_t *request_pdu,
uint16_t request_pdu_len,
uint8_t src_address,
uint8_t *reply_pdu,
uint16_t reply_pdu_len,
uint8_t dest_address)
{
uint16_t offset;
/* One way to check the message is to compare NPDU
src, dest, along with the APDU type, invoke id.
Seems a bit overkill */
struct DER_compare_t {
BACNET_NPDU_DATA npdu_data;
BACNET_ADDRESS address;
uint8_t pdu_type;
uint8_t invoke_id;
uint8_t service_choice;
};
struct DER_compare_t request;
struct DER_compare_t reply;
/* I Am from handler */
extern bool Send_I_Am;
/* decode the request data */
request.address.mac[0] = src_address;
request.address.mac_len = 1;
offset = npdu_decode(&request_pdu[0],
NULL, &request.address, &request.npdu_data);
if (request.npdu_data.network_layer_message) {
return false;
}
request.pdu_type = request_pdu[offset] & 0xF0;
if (request.pdu_type != PDU_TYPE_CONFIRMED_SERVICE_REQUEST) {
return false;
}
request.invoke_id = request_pdu[offset+2];
/* segmented message? */
if (request_pdu[offset] & BIT3)
request.service_choice = request_pdu[offset+5];
else
request.service_choice = request_pdu[offset+3];
/* decode the reply data */
reply.address.mac[0] = dest_address;
reply.address.mac_len = 1;
offset = npdu_decode(&reply_pdu[0],
&reply.address, NULL, &reply.npdu_data);
if (reply.npdu_data.network_layer_message) {
return false;
}
/* reply could be a lot of things:
confirmed, simple ack, abort, reject, error */
reply.pdu_type = reply_pdu[offset] & 0xF0;
switch (reply.pdu_type) {
case PDU_TYPE_CONFIRMED_SERVICE_REQUEST:
reply.invoke_id = reply_pdu[offset+2];
/* segmented message? */
if (reply_pdu[offset] & BIT3)
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+5];
else
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+3];
break;
case PDU_TYPE_SIMPLE_ACK:
reply.invoke_id = reply_pdu[offset+1];
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+2];
break;
case PDU_TYPE_COMPLEX_ACK:
reply.invoke_id = reply_pdu[offset+1];
/* segmented message? */
if (reply_pdu[offset] & BIT3)
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+4];
else
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+2];
break;
case PDU_TYPE_ERROR:
reply.invoke_id = reply_pdu[offset+1];
reply.service_choice = reply_pdu[offset+2];
break;
case PDU_TYPE_REJECT:
case PDU_TYPE_ABORT:
reply.invoke_id = reply_pdu[offset+1];
break;
default:
return false;
}
/* these don't have service choice included */
if ((reply.pdu_type == PDU_TYPE_REJECT) ||
(reply.pdu_type == PDU_TYPE_ABORT)) {
if (request.invoke_id != reply.invoke_id) {
return false;
}
} else {
if (request.invoke_id != reply.invoke_id) {
return false;
}
if (request.service_choice != reply.service_choice) {
return false;
}
}
if (request.npdu_data.protocol_version != reply.npdu_data.protocol_version) {
return false;
}
if (request.npdu_data.priority != reply.npdu_data.priority) {
return false;
}
if (!bacnet_address_same(&request.address, &reply.address)) {
return false;
/* look at any of the unconfirmed message bits and encode if set */
static uint16_t dlmstp_encode_unconfirmed_frame(void)
{
BACNET_ADDRESS dest;
BACNET_NPDU_DATA npdu_data;
uint16_t len = 0;
if (Send_I_Am) {
Send_I_Am = false;
TransmitPacket = Handler_Transmit_Buffer;
len = iam_encode_pdu(
&TransmitPacket[0],
&dest,
&npdu_data);
}
return true;
return len;
}
/* MS/TP Frame Format */
@@ -690,7 +604,6 @@ static bool MSTP_Master_Node_FSM(void)
uint8_t next_next_station = 0;
/* timeout values */
uint16_t my_timeout = 10, ns_timeout = 0;
bool matched;
/* transition immediately to the next state */
bool transition_now = false;
@@ -782,49 +695,24 @@ static bool MSTP_Master_Node_FSM(void)
/* more data frames. These may be BACnet Data frames or */
/* proprietary frames. */
case MSTP_MASTER_STATE_USE_TOKEN:
/* Note: optimized for minimal server:
we only send unconfirmed frames when we get the token */
/* Note: We could wait for up to Tusage_delay */
if (!MSTP_Flag.TransmitPacketPending) {
/* NothingToSend */
FrameCount = Nmax_info_frames;
Master_State = MSTP_MASTER_STATE_DONE_WITH_TOKEN;
transition_now = true;
} else {
uint8_t frame_type;
if (MSTP_Flag.TransmitPacketDER) {
frame_type = FRAME_TYPE_BACNET_DATA_EXPECTING_REPLY;
} else {
frame_type = FRAME_TYPE_BACNET_DATA_NOT_EXPECTING_REPLY;
}
TransmitPacketLen = dlmstp_encode_unconfirmed_frame();
if (TransmitPacketLen) {
MSTP_Send_Frame(
frame_type,
TransmitPacketDest,
FRAME_TYPE_BACNET_DATA_NOT_EXPECTING_REPLY,
MSTP_BROADCAST_ADDRESS,
This_Station,
(uint8_t *) & TransmitPacket[0],
TransmitPacketLen);
MSTP_Flag.TransmitPacketPending = false;
FrameCount++;
switch (frame_type) {
case FRAME_TYPE_BACNET_DATA_EXPECTING_REPLY:
/* SendAndWait */
if (TransmitPacketDest == MSTP_BROADCAST_ADDRESS)
Master_State =
MSTP_MASTER_STATE_DONE_WITH_TOKEN;
else
Master_State =
MSTP_MASTER_STATE_WAIT_FOR_REPLY;
break;
case FRAME_TYPE_TEST_REQUEST:
Master_State = MSTP_MASTER_STATE_WAIT_FOR_REPLY;
break;
case FRAME_TYPE_TEST_RESPONSE:
case FRAME_TYPE_BACNET_DATA_NOT_EXPECTING_REPLY:
default:
/* SendNoWait */
Master_State =
MSTP_MASTER_STATE_DONE_WITH_TOKEN;
break;
}
} else {
/* NothingToSend */
FrameCount = Nmax_info_frames;
transition_now = true;
}
Master_State = MSTP_MASTER_STATE_DONE_WITH_TOKEN;
break;
case MSTP_MASTER_STATE_WAIT_FOR_REPLY:
/* In the WAIT_FOR_REPLY state, the node waits for */
bacnet-stack/ports/atmega168/h_wp.c
+4 -4
View File
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ void handler_write_property(uint8_t * service_request,
ABORT_REASON_SEGMENTATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, true);
} else {
switch (wp_data.object_type) {
#if 0
case OBJECT_DEVICE:
if (Device_Write_Property(&wp_data, &error_class, &error_code)) {
len =
@@ -92,8 +93,7 @@ void handler_write_property(uint8_t * service_request,
error_code);
}
break;
#if 0
case OBJECT_ANALOG_INPUT:
case OBJECT_ANALOG_INPUT:
case OBJECT_BINARY_INPUT:
error_class = ERROR_CLASS_PROPERTY;
error_code = ERROR_CODE_WRITE_ACCESS_DENIED;
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ void handler_write_property(uint8_t * service_request,
error_code);
}
break;
#endif
case OBJECT_ANALOG_VALUE:
if (Analog_Value_Write_Property(&wp_data, &error_class,
&error_code)) {
@@ -132,8 +133,7 @@ void handler_write_property(uint8_t * service_request,
error_code);
}
break;
#endif
default:
default:
len =
bacerror_encode_apdu(&Handler_Transmit_Buffer[pdu_len],
service_data->invoke_id, SERVICE_CONFIRMED_WRITE_PROPERTY,
bacnet-stack/ports/atmega168/main.c
-7
View File
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@
/* For porting to IAR, see:
http://www.avrfreaks.net/wiki/index.php/Documentation:AVR_GCC/IarToAvrgcc*/
/* broadcast an I-Am on startup */
extern bool Send_I_Am;
/* dummy function */
bool dcc_communication_enabled(void) {
return true;
@@ -166,10 +163,6 @@ int main(void)
#endif
datalink_init(NULL);
for (;;) {
if (Send_I_Am) {
Send_I_Am = false;
iam_send(&Handler_Transmit_Buffer[0]);
}
input_switch_read();
task_milliseconds();
/* other tasks */
bacnet-stack/src/bacdcode.c
+1
View File
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
#include "bits.h"
#include "bacstr.h"
#include "bacint.h"
#include "bacreal.h"
/* NOTE: byte order plays a role in decoding multibyte values */
/* http://www.unixpapa.com/incnote/byteorder.html */
bacnet-stack/src/iam.c
+23 -12
View File
@@ -135,10 +135,30 @@ int iam_decode_service_request(uint8_t * apdu,
return apdu_len;
}
int iam_send(uint8_t * buffer)
int iam_encode_pdu(uint8_t * buffer,
BACNET_ADDRESS *dest,
BACNET_NPDU_DATA *npdu_data)
{
int len = 0;
int pdu_len = 0;
/* I-Am is a global broadcast */
datalink_get_broadcast_address(dest);
/* encode the NPDU portion of the packet */
npdu_encode_npdu_data(npdu_data, false, MESSAGE_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
pdu_len = npdu_encode_pdu(&buffer[0], dest, NULL, npdu_data);
/* encode the APDU portion of the packet */
len = iam_encode_apdu(&buffer[pdu_len],
Device_Object_Instance_Number(),
MAX_APDU, SEGMENTATION_NONE, Device_Vendor_Identifier());
pdu_len += len;
return pdu_len;
}
int iam_send(uint8_t * buffer)
{
int pdu_len = 0;
BACNET_ADDRESS dest;
int bytes_sent = 0;
BACNET_NPDU_DATA npdu_data;
@@ -146,17 +166,8 @@ int iam_send(uint8_t * buffer)
/* if we are forbidden to send, don't send! */
if (!dcc_communication_enabled())
return 0;
/* I-Am is a global broadcast */
datalink_get_broadcast_address(&dest);
/* encode the NPDU portion of the packet */
npdu_encode_npdu_data(&npdu_data, false, MESSAGE_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
pdu_len = npdu_encode_pdu(&buffer[0], &dest, NULL, &npdu_data);
/* encode the APDU portion of the packet */
len = iam_encode_apdu(&buffer[pdu_len],
Device_Object_Instance_Number(),
MAX_APDU, SEGMENTATION_NONE, Device_Vendor_Identifier());
pdu_len += len;
/* encode the data */
pdu_len = iam_encode_pdu(buffer, &dest, &npdu_data);
/* send data */
bytes_sent = datalink_send_pdu(&dest, &npdu_data, &buffer[0], pdu_len);