sdk/pkg/vm/lib/kernel_front_end.dart

// Copyright (c) 2017, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

/// Defines the VM-specific translation of Dart source code to kernel binaries.

import 'dart:async';
import 'dart:io' show File, IOSink;

import 'package:args/args.dart' show ArgParser, ArgResults;

import 'package:build_integration/file_system/multi_root.dart'
    show MultiRootFileSystem, MultiRootFileSystemEntity;

import 'package:crypto/crypto.dart';

import 'package:front_end/src/api_prototype/language_version.dart'
    show uriUsesLegacyLanguageVersion;

import 'package:front_end/src/api_unstable/vm.dart'
    show
        CompilerContext,
        CompilerOptions,
        CompilerResult,
        InvocationMode,
        DiagnosticMessage,
        DiagnosticMessageHandler,
        ExperimentalFlag,
        FileSystem,
        FileSystemEntity,
        NnbdMode,
        ProcessedOptions,
        Severity,
        StandardFileSystem,
        Verbosity,
        getMessageUri,
        kernelForProgram,
        parseExperimentalArguments,
        parseExperimentalFlags,
        printDiagnosticMessage,
        resolveInputUri;

import 'package:kernel/class_hierarchy.dart' show ClassHierarchy;
import 'package:kernel/ast.dart' show Component, Library, Reference;
import 'package:kernel/binary/ast_to_binary.dart' show BinaryPrinter;
import 'package:kernel/core_types.dart' show CoreTypes;
import 'package:kernel/kernel.dart' show loadComponentFromBinary;
import 'package:kernel/target/targets.dart' show Target, TargetFlags, getTarget;
import 'package:package_config/package_config.dart' show loadPackageConfigUri;

import 'http_filesystem.dart' show HttpAwareFileSystem;
import 'target/install.dart' show installAdditionalTargets;
import 'transformations/devirtualization.dart' as devirtualization
    show transformComponent;
import 'transformations/mixin_deduplication.dart' as mixin_deduplication
    show transformComponent;
import 'transformations/no_dynamic_invocations_annotator.dart'
    as no_dynamic_invocations_annotator show transformComponent;
import 'transformations/type_flow/transformer.dart' as globalTypeFlow
    show transformComponent;
import 'transformations/obfuscation_prohibitions_annotator.dart'
    as obfuscationProhibitions;
import 'transformations/call_site_annotator.dart' as call_site_annotator;
import 'transformations/unreachable_code_elimination.dart'
    as unreachable_code_elimination;
import 'transformations/deferred_loading.dart' as deferred_loading;
import 'transformations/to_string_transformer.dart' as to_string_transformer;

/// Declare options consumed by [runCompiler].
void declareCompilerOptions(ArgParser args) {
  args.addOption('platform',
      help: 'Path to vm_platform_strong.dill file', defaultsTo: null);
  args.addOption('packages', help: 'Path to .packages file', defaultsTo: null);
  args.addOption('output',
      abbr: 'o', help: 'Path to resulting dill file', defaultsTo: null);
  args.addFlag('aot',
      help:
          'Produce kernel file for AOT compilation (enables global transformations).',
      defaultsTo: false);
  args.addFlag('support-mirrors',
      help: 'Whether dart:mirrors is supported. By default dart:mirrors is '
          'supported when --aot and --minimal-kernel are not used.',
      defaultsTo: null);
  args.addOption('depfile', help: 'Path to output Ninja depfile');
  args.addOption('from-dill',
      help: 'Read existing dill file instead of compiling from sources',
      defaultsTo: null);
  args.addFlag('link-platform',
      help: 'Include platform into resulting kernel file.', defaultsTo: true);
  args.addFlag('minimal-kernel',
      help: 'Produce minimal tree-shaken kernel file.', defaultsTo: false);
  args.addFlag('embed-sources',
      help: 'Embed source files in the generated kernel component',
      defaultsTo: true);
  args.addMultiOption('filesystem-root',
      help: 'A base path for the multi-root virtual file system.'
          ' If multi-root file system is used, the input script and .packages file should be specified using URI.');
  args.addOption('filesystem-scheme',
      help: 'The URI scheme for the multi-root virtual filesystem.');
  args.addOption('target',
      help: 'Target model that determines what core libraries are available',
      allowed: <String>['vm', 'flutter', 'flutter_runner', 'dart_runner'],
      defaultsTo: 'vm');
  args.addFlag('tfa',
      help:
          'Enable global type flow analysis and related transformations in AOT mode.',
      defaultsTo: true);
  args.addFlag('rta',
      help: 'Use rapid type analysis for faster compilation in AOT mode.',
      defaultsTo: true);
  args.addFlag('tree-shake-write-only-fields',
      help: 'Enable tree shaking of fields which are only written in AOT mode.',
      defaultsTo: true);
  args.addFlag('protobuf-tree-shaker-v2',
      help: 'Enable protobuf tree shaker v2 in AOT mode.', defaultsTo: false);
  args.addMultiOption('define',
      abbr: 'D',
      help: 'The values for the environment constants (e.g. -Dkey=value).');
  args.addFlag('enable-asserts',
      help: 'Whether asserts will be enabled.', defaultsTo: false);
  args.addFlag('sound-null-safety',
      help: 'Respect the nullability of types at runtime.', defaultsTo: null);
  args.addFlag('split-output-by-packages',
      help:
          'Split resulting kernel file into multiple files (one per package).',
      defaultsTo: false);
  args.addOption('component-name',
      help: 'Name of the Fuchsia component', defaultsTo: null);
  args.addOption('data-dir',
      help: 'Name of the subdirectory of //data for output files');
  args.addOption('manifest', help: 'Path to output Fuchsia package manifest');
  args.addMultiOption('enable-experiment',
      help: 'Comma separated list of experimental features to enable.');
  args.addFlag('help',
      abbr: 'h', negatable: false, help: 'Print this help message.');
  args.addFlag('track-widget-creation',
      help: 'Run a kernel transformer to track creation locations for widgets.',
      defaultsTo: false);
  args.addMultiOption(
    'delete-tostring-package-uri',
    help: 'Replaces implementations of `toString` with `super.toString()` for '
        'specified package',
    valueHelp: 'dart:ui',
    defaultsTo: const <String>[],
  );
  args.addOption('invocation-modes',
      help: 'Provides information to the front end about how it is invoked.',
      defaultsTo: '');
  args.addOption('verbosity',
      help: 'Sets the verbosity level used for filtering messages during '
          'compilation.',
      defaultsTo: Verbosity.defaultValue);
}

/// Create ArgParser and populate it with options consumed by [runCompiler].
ArgParser createCompilerArgParser() {
  final ArgParser argParser = new ArgParser(allowTrailingOptions: true);
  declareCompilerOptions(argParser);
  return argParser;
}

const int successExitCode = 0;
const int badUsageExitCode = 1;
const int compileTimeErrorExitCode = 254;

/// Run kernel compiler tool with given [options] and [usage]
/// and return exit code.
Future<int> runCompiler(ArgResults options, String usage) async {
  final String? platformKernel = options['platform'];

  if (options['help']) {
    print(usage);
    return successExitCode;
  }

  if ((options.rest.length != 1) || (platformKernel == null)) {
    print(usage);
    return badUsageExitCode;
  }

  final String input = options.rest.single;
  final String outputFileName = options['output'] ?? "$input.dill";
  final String? packages = options['packages'];
  final String targetName = options['target'];
  final String? fileSystemScheme = options['filesystem-scheme'];
  final String? depfile = options['depfile'];
  final String? fromDillFile = options['from-dill'];
  final List<String>? fileSystemRoots = options['filesystem-root'];
  final bool aot = options['aot'];
  final bool tfa = options['tfa'];
  final bool rta = options['rta'];
  final bool linkPlatform = options['link-platform'];
  final bool embedSources = options['embed-sources'];
  final bool enableAsserts = options['enable-asserts'];
  final bool? nullSafety = options['sound-null-safety'];
  final bool useProtobufTreeShakerV2 = options['protobuf-tree-shaker-v2'];
  final bool splitOutputByPackages = options['split-output-by-packages'];
  final String? manifestFilename = options['manifest'];
  final String? dataDir = options['component-name'] ?? options['data-dir'];
  final bool? supportMirrors = options['support-mirrors'];

  final bool minimalKernel = options['minimal-kernel'];
  final bool treeShakeWriteOnlyFields = options['tree-shake-write-only-fields'];
  final List<String>? experimentalFlags = options['enable-experiment'];
  final Map<String, String> environmentDefines = {};

  if (!parseCommandLineDefines(options['define'], environmentDefines, usage)) {
    return badUsageExitCode;
  }

  if (aot) {
    if (!linkPlatform) {
      print('Error: --no-link-platform option cannot be used with --aot');
      return badUsageExitCode;
    }
    if (splitOutputByPackages) {
      print(
          'Error: --split-output-by-packages option cannot be used with --aot');
      return badUsageExitCode;
    }
  }

  if (supportMirrors == true) {
    if (aot) {
      print('Error: --support-mirrors option cannot be used with --aot');
      return badUsageExitCode;
    }
    if (minimalKernel) {
      print('Error: --support-mirrors option cannot be used with '
          '--minimal-kernel');
      return badUsageExitCode;
    }
  }

  final fileSystem =
      createFrontEndFileSystem(fileSystemScheme, fileSystemRoots);

  final Uri? packagesUri = packages != null ? resolveInputUri(packages) : null;

  final platformKernelUri = Uri.base.resolveUri(new Uri.file(platformKernel));
  final List<Uri> additionalDills = <Uri>[];
  if (aot || linkPlatform) {
    additionalDills.add(platformKernelUri);
  }

  Uri mainUri = resolveInputUri(input);
  if (packagesUri != null) {
    mainUri = await convertToPackageUri(fileSystem, mainUri, packagesUri);
  }

  final verbosity = Verbosity.parseArgument(options['verbosity']);
  final errorPrinter = new ErrorPrinter(verbosity);
  final errorDetector =
      new ErrorDetector(previousErrorHandler: errorPrinter.call);

  final CompilerOptions compilerOptions = new CompilerOptions()
    ..sdkSummary = platformKernelUri
    ..fileSystem = fileSystem
    ..additionalDills = additionalDills
    ..packagesFileUri = packagesUri
    ..explicitExperimentalFlags = parseExperimentalFlags(
        parseExperimentalArguments(experimentalFlags),
        onError: print)
    ..nnbdMode = (nullSafety == true) ? NnbdMode.Strong : NnbdMode.Weak
    ..onDiagnostic = (DiagnosticMessage m) {
      errorDetector(m);
    }
    ..embedSourceText = embedSources
    ..invocationModes =
        InvocationMode.parseArguments(options['invocation-modes'])
    ..verbosity = verbosity;

  if (nullSafety == null &&
      compilerOptions.isExperimentEnabled(ExperimentalFlag.nonNullable)) {
    await autoDetectNullSafetyMode(mainUri, compilerOptions);
  }

  compilerOptions.target = createFrontEndTarget(targetName,
      trackWidgetCreation: options['track-widget-creation'],
      nullSafety: compilerOptions.nnbdMode == NnbdMode.Strong,
      supportMirrors: supportMirrors ?? !(aot || minimalKernel));
  if (compilerOptions.target == null) {
    print('Failed to create front-end target $targetName.');
    return badUsageExitCode;
  }

  final results = await compileToKernel(mainUri, compilerOptions,
      includePlatform: additionalDills.isNotEmpty,
      deleteToStringPackageUris: options['delete-tostring-package-uri'],
      aot: aot,
      useGlobalTypeFlowAnalysis: tfa,
      useRapidTypeAnalysis: rta,
      environmentDefines: environmentDefines,
      enableAsserts: enableAsserts,
      useProtobufTreeShakerV2: useProtobufTreeShakerV2,
      minimalKernel: minimalKernel,
      treeShakeWriteOnlyFields: treeShakeWriteOnlyFields,
      fromDillFile: fromDillFile);

  errorPrinter.printCompilationMessages();

  final Component? component = results.component;
  if (errorDetector.hasCompilationErrors || (component == null)) {
    return compileTimeErrorExitCode;
  }

  final IOSink sink = new File(outputFileName).openWrite();
  final BinaryPrinter printer = new BinaryPrinter(sink,
      libraryFilter: (lib) => !results.loadedLibraries.contains(lib));
  printer.writeComponentFile(component);
  await sink.close();

  if (depfile != null) {
    await writeDepfile(
        fileSystem, results.compiledSources!, outputFileName, depfile);
  }

  if (splitOutputByPackages) {
    await writeOutputSplitByPackages(
      mainUri,
      compilerOptions,
      results,
      outputFileName,
    );
  }

  if (manifestFilename != null) {
    await createFarManifest(outputFileName, dataDir, manifestFilename);
  }

  return successExitCode;
}

/// Results of [compileToKernel]: generated kernel [Component] and
/// collection of compiled sources.
class KernelCompilationResults {
  final Component? component;

  /// Set of libraries loaded from .dill, with or without the SDK depending on
  /// the compilation settings.
  final Set<Library> loadedLibraries;
  final ClassHierarchy? classHierarchy;
  final CoreTypes? coreTypes;
  final Iterable<Uri>? compiledSources;

  KernelCompilationResults(this.component, this.loadedLibraries,
      this.classHierarchy, this.coreTypes, this.compiledSources);
}

/// Generates a kernel representation of the program whose main library is in
/// the given [source]. Intended for whole program (non-modular) compilation.
///
/// VM-specific replacement of [kernelForProgram].
///
Future<KernelCompilationResults> compileToKernel(
    Uri source, CompilerOptions options,
    {bool includePlatform: false,
    List<String> deleteToStringPackageUris: const <String>[],
    bool aot: false,
    bool useGlobalTypeFlowAnalysis: false,
    bool useRapidTypeAnalysis: true,
    required Map<String, String> environmentDefines,
    bool enableAsserts: true,
    bool useProtobufTreeShakerV2: false,
    bool minimalKernel: false,
    bool treeShakeWriteOnlyFields: false,
    String? fromDillFile: null}) async {
  // Replace error handler to detect if there are compilation errors.
  final errorDetector =
      new ErrorDetector(previousErrorHandler: options.onDiagnostic);
  options.onDiagnostic = errorDetector.call;

  final target = options.target!;
  options.environmentDefines =
      target.updateEnvironmentDefines(environmentDefines);

  CompilerResult? compilerResult;
  if (fromDillFile != null) {
    compilerResult =
        await loadKernel(options.fileSystem, resolveInputUri(fromDillFile));
  } else {
    compilerResult = await kernelForProgram(source, options);
  }
  final Component? component = compilerResult?.component;
  Iterable<Uri>? compiledSources = component?.uriToSource.keys;

  Set<Library> loadedLibraries = createLoadedLibrariesSet(
      compilerResult?.loadedComponents, compilerResult?.sdkComponent,
      includePlatform: includePlatform);

  if (deleteToStringPackageUris.isNotEmpty && component != null) {
    to_string_transformer.transformComponent(
        component, deleteToStringPackageUris);
  }

  // Run global transformations only if component is correct.
  if ((aot || minimalKernel) && component != null) {
    await runGlobalTransformations(target, component, useGlobalTypeFlowAnalysis,
        enableAsserts, useProtobufTreeShakerV2, errorDetector,
        minimalKernel: minimalKernel,
        treeShakeWriteOnlyFields: treeShakeWriteOnlyFields,
        useRapidTypeAnalysis: useRapidTypeAnalysis);

    if (minimalKernel) {
      // compiledSources is component.uriToSource.keys.
      // Make a copy of compiledSources to detach it from
      // component.uriToSource which is cleared below.
      compiledSources = compiledSources!.toList();

      component.metadata.clear();
      component.uriToSource.clear();
    }
  }

  // Restore error handler (in case 'options' are reused).
  options.onDiagnostic = errorDetector.previousErrorHandler;

  return new KernelCompilationResults(
      component,
      loadedLibraries,
      compilerResult?.classHierarchy,
      compilerResult?.coreTypes,
      compiledSources);
}

Set<Library> createLoadedLibrariesSet(
    List<Component>? loadedComponents, Component? sdkComponent,
    {bool includePlatform: false}) {
  final Set<Library> loadedLibraries = {};
  if (loadedComponents != null) {
    for (Component c in loadedComponents) {
      for (Library lib in c.libraries) {
        loadedLibraries.add(lib);
      }
    }
  }
  if (sdkComponent != null) {
    if (includePlatform) {
      for (Library lib in sdkComponent.libraries) {
        loadedLibraries.remove(lib);
      }
    } else {
      for (Library lib in sdkComponent.libraries) {
        loadedLibraries.add(lib);
      }
    }
  }
  return loadedLibraries;
}

Future runGlobalTransformations(
    Target target,
    Component component,
    bool useGlobalTypeFlowAnalysis,
    bool enableAsserts,
    bool useProtobufTreeShakerV2,
    ErrorDetector errorDetector,
    {bool minimalKernel: false,
    bool treeShakeWriteOnlyFields: false,
    bool useRapidTypeAnalysis: true}) async {
  assert(!target.flags.supportMirrors);
  if (errorDetector.hasCompilationErrors) return;

  final coreTypes = new CoreTypes(component);

  // TODO(alexmarkov, dmitryas): Consider doing canonicalization of identical
  // mixin applications when creating mixin applications in frontend,
  // so all backends (and all transformation passes from the very beginning)
  // can benefit from mixin de-duplication.
  // At least, in addition to VM/AOT case we should run this transformation
  // when building a platform dill file for VM/JIT case.
  mixin_deduplication.transformComponent(component);

  // Unreachable code elimination transformation should be performed
  // before type flow analysis so TFA won't take unreachable code into account.
  unreachable_code_elimination.transformComponent(component, enableAsserts);

  if (useGlobalTypeFlowAnalysis) {
    globalTypeFlow.transformComponent(target, coreTypes, component,
        treeShakeSignatures: !minimalKernel,
        treeShakeWriteOnlyFields: treeShakeWriteOnlyFields,
        treeShakeProtobufs: useProtobufTreeShakerV2,
        useRapidTypeAnalysis: useRapidTypeAnalysis);
  } else {
    devirtualization.transformComponent(coreTypes, component);
    no_dynamic_invocations_annotator.transformComponent(component);
  }

  // TODO(35069): avoid recomputing CSA by reading it from the platform files.
  void ignoreAmbiguousSupertypes(cls, a, b) {}
  final hierarchy = new ClassHierarchy(component, coreTypes,
      onAmbiguousSupertypes: ignoreAmbiguousSupertypes);
  call_site_annotator.transformLibraries(
      component, component.libraries, coreTypes, hierarchy);

  // We don't know yet whether gen_snapshot will want to do obfuscation, but if
  // it does it will need the obfuscation prohibitions.
  obfuscationProhibitions.transformComponent(component, coreTypes, target);

  deferred_loading.transformComponent(component);
}

/// Runs given [action] with [CompilerContext]. This is needed to
/// be able to report compile-time errors.
Future<T> runWithFrontEndCompilerContext<T>(
    Uri source,
    CompilerOptions compilerOptions,
    Component component,
    Future<T> action()) async {
  final processedOptions =
      new ProcessedOptions(options: compilerOptions, inputs: [source]);

  // Run within the context, so we have uri source tokens...
  return await CompilerContext.runWithOptions(processedOptions,
      (CompilerContext context) async {
    // To make the fileUri/fileOffset -> line/column mapping, we need to
    // pre-fill the map.
    context.uriToSource.addAll(component.uriToSource);

    return action();
  });
}

class ErrorDetector {
  final DiagnosticMessageHandler? previousErrorHandler;
  bool hasCompilationErrors = false;

  ErrorDetector({this.previousErrorHandler});

  void call(DiagnosticMessage message) {
    if (message.severity == Severity.error) {
      hasCompilationErrors = true;
    }

    previousErrorHandler?.call(message);
  }
}

class ErrorPrinter {
  final Verbosity verbosity;
  final DiagnosticMessageHandler? previousErrorHandler;
  final Map<Uri?, List<DiagnosticMessage>> compilationMessages =
      <Uri?, List<DiagnosticMessage>>{};

  ErrorPrinter(this.verbosity, {this.previousErrorHandler});

  void call(DiagnosticMessage message) {
    final sourceUri = getMessageUri(message);
    (compilationMessages[sourceUri] ??= <DiagnosticMessage>[]).add(message);
    previousErrorHandler?.call(message);
  }

  void printCompilationMessages() {
    final sortedUris = compilationMessages.keys.toList()
      ..sort((a, b) {
        // Sort messages without a corresponding uri before the location based
        // messages, since these related to the whole compilation.
        if (a != null && b != null) {
          return '$a'.compareTo('$b');
        } else if (a != null) {
          return 1;
        } else if (b != null) {
          return -1;
        }
        return 0;
      });
    for (final Uri? sourceUri in sortedUris) {
      for (final DiagnosticMessage message in compilationMessages[sourceUri]!) {
        if (Verbosity.shouldPrint(verbosity, message)) {
          printDiagnosticMessage(message, print);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

bool parseCommandLineDefines(
    List<String> dFlags, Map<String, String> environmentDefines, String usage) {
  for (final String dflag in dFlags) {
    final equalsSignIndex = dflag.indexOf('=');
    if (equalsSignIndex < 0) {
      // Ignored.
    } else if (equalsSignIndex > 0) {
      final key = dflag.substring(0, equalsSignIndex);
      final value = dflag.substring(equalsSignIndex + 1);
      environmentDefines[key] = value;
    } else {
      print('The environment constant options must have a key (was: "$dflag")');
      print(usage);
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

/// Detect null safety mode from an entry point and set [options.nnbdMode].
Future<void> autoDetectNullSafetyMode(
    Uri script, CompilerOptions options) async {
  var isLegacy = await uriUsesLegacyLanguageVersion(script, options);
  options.nnbdMode = isLegacy ? NnbdMode.Weak : NnbdMode.Strong;
}

/// Create front-end target with given name.
Target? createFrontEndTarget(String targetName,
    {bool trackWidgetCreation = false,
    bool nullSafety = false,
    bool supportMirrors = true}) {
  // Make sure VM-specific targets are available.
  installAdditionalTargets();

  final TargetFlags targetFlags = new TargetFlags(
      trackWidgetCreation: trackWidgetCreation,
      enableNullSafety: nullSafety,
      supportMirrors: supportMirrors);
  return getTarget(targetName, targetFlags);
}

/// Create a front-end file system.
///
/// If requested, create a virtual mutli-root file system and/or an http aware
/// file system.
FileSystem createFrontEndFileSystem(
    String? multiRootFileSystemScheme, List<String>? multiRootFileSystemRoots,
    {bool allowHttp = false}) {
  FileSystem fileSystem = StandardFileSystem.instance;
  if (allowHttp) {
    fileSystem = HttpAwareFileSystem(fileSystem);
  }
  if (multiRootFileSystemRoots != null &&
      multiRootFileSystemRoots.isNotEmpty &&
      multiRootFileSystemScheme != null) {
    final rootUris = <Uri>[];
    for (String root in multiRootFileSystemRoots) {
      rootUris.add(resolveInputUri(root));
    }
    fileSystem = new MultiRootFileSystem(
        multiRootFileSystemScheme, rootUris, fileSystem);
  }
  return fileSystem;
}

/// Convert a URI which may use virtual file system schema to a real file URI.
Future<Uri> asFileUri(FileSystem fileSystem, Uri uri) async {
  FileSystemEntity fse = fileSystem.entityForUri(uri);
  if (fse is MultiRootFileSystemEntity) {
    fse = await fse.delegate;
  }
  return fse.uri;
}

/// Convert URI to a package URI if it is inside one of the packages.
/// TODO(alexmarkov) Remove this conversion after Fuchsia build rules are fixed.
Future<Uri> convertToPackageUri(
    FileSystem fileSystem, Uri uri, Uri packagesUri) async {
  if (uri.scheme == 'package') {
    return uri;
  }
  // Convert virtual URI to a real file URI.
  final Uri fileUri = await asFileUri(fileSystem, uri);
  try {
    final packageConfig =
        await loadPackageConfigUri(await asFileUri(fileSystem, packagesUri));
    return packageConfig.toPackageUri(fileUri) ?? uri;
  } catch (_) {
    // Can't read packages file - silently give up.
    return uri;
  }
}

/// Write a separate kernel binary for each package. The name of the
/// output kernel binary is '[outputFileName]-$package.dilp'.
/// The list of package names is written into a file '[outputFileName]-packages'.
Future writeOutputSplitByPackages(Uri source, CompilerOptions compilerOptions,
    KernelCompilationResults compilationResults, String outputFileName) async {
  final packages = <String>[];
  final Component component = compilationResults.component!;
  await runWithFrontEndCompilerContext(source, compilerOptions, component,
      () async {
    // When loading a kernel file list, flutter_runner and dart_runner expect
    // 'main' to be last.
    await forEachPackage(compilationResults,
        (String package, List<Library> libraries) async {
      packages.add(package);
      final String filename = '$outputFileName-$package.dilp';
      final IOSink sink = new File(filename).openWrite();

      final BinaryPrinter printer = new BinaryPrinter(sink,
          libraryFilter: (lib) =>
              packageFor(lib, compilationResults.loadedLibraries) == package);
      printer.writeComponentFile(component);

      await sink.close();
    }, mainFirst: false);
  });

  final IOSink packagesList = new File('$outputFileName-packages').openWrite();
  for (String package in packages) {
    packagesList.writeln(package);
  }
  await packagesList.close();
}

String? packageFor(Library lib, Set<Library> loadedLibraries) {
  // Core libraries are not written into any package kernel binaries.
  if (loadedLibraries.contains(lib)) return null;

  // Packages are written into their own kernel binaries.
  Uri uri = lib.importUri;
  if (uri.scheme == 'package') return uri.pathSegments.first;

  // Everything else (e.g., file: or data: imports) is lumped into the main
  // kernel binary.
  return 'main';
}

/// Sort the libraries etc in the component. Helps packages to produce identical
/// output when their parts are imported in different orders in different
/// contexts.
void sortComponent(Component component) {
  component.libraries.sort((Library a, Library b) {
    return a.importUri.toString().compareTo(b.importUri.toString());
  });
  component.computeCanonicalNames();
  for (Library lib in component.libraries) {
    lib.additionalExports.sort((Reference a, Reference b) {
      return a.canonicalName.toString().compareTo(b.canonicalName.toString());
    });
  }
}

Future<void> forEachPackage(KernelCompilationResults results,
    Future<void> action(String package, List<Library> libraries),
    {required bool mainFirst}) async {
  final Component component = results.component!;
  final Set<Library> loadedLibraries = results.loadedLibraries;
  sortComponent(component);

  final Map<String, List<Library>> packages = <String, List<Library>>{};
  packages['main'] = <Library>[]; // Always create 'main'.
  for (Library lib in component.libraries) {
    final String? package = packageFor(lib, loadedLibraries);
    // Ignore external libraries.
    if (package == null) {
      continue;
    }
    packages.putIfAbsent(package, () => <Library>[]).add(lib);
  }

  final mainLibraries = packages.remove('main')!;
  if (mainFirst) {
    await action('main', mainLibraries);
  }

  final mainMethod = component.mainMethod;
  final problemsAsJson = component.problemsAsJson;
  final compilationMode = component.mode;
  component.setMainMethodAndMode(null, true, compilationMode);
  component.problemsAsJson = null;
  for (String package in packages.keys) {
    await action(package, packages[package]!);
  }
  component.setMainMethodAndMode(mainMethod?.reference, true, compilationMode);
  component.problemsAsJson = problemsAsJson;

  if (!mainFirst) {
    await action('main', mainLibraries);
  }
}

String _escapePath(String path) {
  return path.replaceAll('\\', '\\\\').replaceAll(' ', '\\ ');
}

/// Create ninja dependencies file, as described in
/// https://ninja-build.org/manual.html#_depfile
Future<void> writeDepfile(FileSystem fileSystem, Iterable<Uri> compiledSources,
    String output, String depfile) async {
  final IOSink file = new File(depfile).openWrite();
  file.write(_escapePath(output));
  file.write(':');
  for (Uri dep in compiledSources) {
    // Skip corelib dependencies.
    if (dep.scheme == 'org-dartlang-sdk') continue;
    Uri uri = await asFileUri(fileSystem, dep);
    file.write(' ');
    file.write(_escapePath(uri.toFilePath()));
  }
  file.write('\n');
  await file.close();
}

Future<void> createFarManifest(
    String output, String? dataDir, String packageManifestFilename) async {
  List<String> packages = await File('$output-packages').readAsLines();

  // Make sure the 'main' package is the last (convention with package loader).
  packages.remove('main');
  packages.add('main');

  final IOSink packageManifest = File(packageManifestFilename).openWrite();

  final String kernelListFilename = '$packageManifestFilename.dilplist';
  final IOSink kernelList = File(kernelListFilename).openWrite();
  for (String package in packages) {
    final String filenameInPackage = '$package.dilp';
    final String filenameInBuild = '$output-$package.dilp';
    packageManifest
        .write('data/$dataDir/$filenameInPackage=$filenameInBuild\n');
    kernelList.write('$filenameInPackage\n');
  }
  await kernelList.close();

  final String frameworkVersionFilename =
      '$packageManifestFilename.frameworkversion';
  final IOSink frameworkVersion = File(frameworkVersionFilename).openWrite();
  for (String package in [
    'collection',
    'flutter',
    'meta',
    'typed_data',
    'vector_math'
  ]) {
    Digest? digest;
    if (packages.contains(package)) {
      final filenameInBuild = '$output-$package.dilp';
      final bytes = await File(filenameInBuild).readAsBytes();
      digest = sha256.convert(bytes);
    }
    frameworkVersion.write('$package=$digest\n');
  }
  await frameworkVersion.close();

  packageManifest.write('data/$dataDir/app.dilplist=$kernelListFilename\n');
  packageManifest
      .write('data/$dataDir/app.frameworkversion=$frameworkVersionFilename\n');
  await packageManifest.close();
}

class CompilerResultLoadedFromKernel implements CompilerResult {
  final Component component;
  final Component sdkComponent = Component();

  CompilerResultLoadedFromKernel(this.component);

  @override
  List<int>? get summary => null;

  @override
  List<Component> get loadedComponents => const <Component>[];

  @override
  List<Uri> get deps => const <Uri>[];

  @override
  CoreTypes? get coreTypes => null;

  @override
  ClassHierarchy? get classHierarchy => null;
}

Future<CompilerResult> loadKernel(
    FileSystem fileSystem, Uri dillFileUri) async {
  final component = loadComponentFromBinary(
      (await asFileUri(fileSystem, dillFileUri)).toFilePath());
  return CompilerResultLoadedFromKernel(component);
}

// Used by kernel_front_end_test.dart
main() {}