To avoid a O(n) traversal of isolates in order to find pending deopts,
we'll move the pending deopt state to the Thread. It's really a property
of a thread: when the thread's stack gets unwound - via return or
exceptional flow - we remove pending deopts.
This CL also encapsulates the pending deopt logic into a [PendingDeopts]
class - thereby avoiding logic around manipulating this array being
spread around. It simplifies the already very big [Isolate] class.
TEST=Refactoring of existing code.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/36097
Closes https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/45168
Change-Id: I5a9b18c577f21a0f2a88332b1bc26641ec39d2af
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/188521
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Aprelev <aam@google.com>
As part of making the compiler and other subsystems independent
of `Isolate` we have to move various state from `Isolate` to
`IsolateGroup` (or to another place).
The access of `ObjectStore::closure_functions()` was spread out over our
codebase, including from `Isolate`. This CL moves it to a centralized
place - ClosureFunctionsCache.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/36097
TEST=Pure refactoring - relying on existing test coverage.
Change-Id: I3b282623f07614cdc2c2a863bd5b9d6c7748d36f
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/177130
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Aprelev <aam@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
In particular, make it so that the type testing stub testing
framework can use the same indirect stub call generation as
the flow graph compiler. This avoids having to change generation
in two places if we later update how indirect calls are generated.
Other changes:
* Generate a register mask of modified registers instead of a boolean
for more precise reporting of what was modified.
* Add a STCInternalRegs struct, like TTSInternalRegs, which exposes
the registers not preserved by the subtype test cache stubs.
* Be more precise in the TypeTestABI about which registers are preserved
on successful checks (namely, the inputs provided by AssertAssignable
and InstanceOf) and which may not be, and add the TTS and STC internal
registers to the non-preserved list.
TEST=Ran modified test on trybots for each supported architecture.
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-linux-release-simarm64-try,vm-kernel-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-linux-release-simarm-try,vm-kernel-linux-release-ia32-try
Change-Id: I58711213bc54572ea7f1e6525707fd193a000235
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/173721
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Tess Strickland <sstrickl@google.com>
Remove the use of Fields, which have since the metadata mechanism was introduced come to require global registration.
Retain some sloppiness matching of declarations by name instead of identity for the sake of hot reload.
TEST=ci
Change-Id: Ifa4cc7724096c606f994b057b7838e124ceb3626
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/175141
Commit-Queue: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
This CL introduces unit tests for the Native* classes in compiler/ffi
that can run for all supported target ABIs on any host architecture.
The unit tests are compiled for all target ABIs with
`tools/build.py run_ffi_unit_tests` and run for all target ABIs with
`tools/test.py ffi_unit`.
The unit test and tested code do not conceptually depend on having a
DartVM. The tests are compiled with a custom `dart::Zone` and
`platform/`. This enables compiling for all `TARGET_ARCH_*` and
`TARGET_OS_*` on any host, and running unit tests for all target ABIs
on any host.
Because the `run_ffi_unit_tests` executables do not include the DartVM
their build is quick (<10seconds) and they are small (~6MB) when
compared to `run_vm_tests` (~250MB).
The tests are added to the existing FFI QEMU bot to prevent adding an
extra bot which would add checkout overhead.
The unit tests themselves are set up to be fairly similar to vm/cc
tests. The only difference is the NativeCallingConvention tests which
are set up with `.expect` files for easy inspection and updating.
TEST=runtime/vm/compiler/ffi/native_calling_convention_test.cc
TEST=runtime/vm/compiler/ffi/native_location_test.cc
TEST=runtime/vm/compiler/ffi/native_type_test.cc
Change-Id: I7b8bf4de9ef070e7546472217e571a60362b9639
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-precomp-ffi-qemu-linux-release-arm-try
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/171725
Commit-Queue: Daco Harkes <dacoharkes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Clement Skau <cskau@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Thomas <athom@google.com>
This CL adds acquisiton of write lock and check for whether write lock is held when updating class functions, primarily populated during class finalization. Read locks will be added in successive CLs, so is extending of the locks coverage to all aspects of program structure changes.
Bug: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/36097
Change-Id: I3dba6bc23db4e45599a20717226210f12e7fd2b3
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/168140
Commit-Queue: Alexander Aprelev <aam@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
While failures to encode and decode correctly would likely cause the
failure of many other tests, due to the use of these methods in areas
like snapshot, PC descriptor, and stack map creation, explicitly test
the integer VLE methods with specific unit tests.
Change-Id: If403ff4dfcaf28051af45f16075504797705561e
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/166847
Commit-Queue: Tess Strickland <sstrickl@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Daco Harkes <dacoharkes@google.com>
Prevents snapshots from including canonical strings and types with no real uses and only referenced from the canonical tables.
Prep for constants not all being in the root snapshot during snapshot splitting, which is why we fill the table during load instead of rebuilding tables during snapshot writing.
Removes the size of the tables from the snapshot.
flutter_gallery_app_so_size (Pixel 2) -1.618% 7967664 8098736
flutter_gallery_app_so_gzip_size (Pixel 2) -2.724% 2980344 3063788
flutter_gallery_app_so_brotli_size (Pixel 2) -3.530% 2561824 2655566
Bug: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/41974
Bug: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/43319
Change-Id: I4f3b62da1cea9ee17caa965e809f16856518c9a6
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/164102
Reviewed-by: Régis Crelier <regis@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
This CL extracts the hashset implementation from PortMap into
it's own (template) class into port_set.h:PortSet.
This splits the functionality (a nice cleanup in itself) and will
make it re-usable (via template) for a follow-up CL which makes
each message handler aware of it's own open ports.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/36097
Change-Id: I4a56c997414672a4efc9330077110ac5f54d03d0
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/144260
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Aprelev <aam@google.com>
So far we relied on our normal Dart tests to exercise and test TTS.
This CL adds concrete TTS unit tests, which directly construct the
values the TTS accepts via the calling convention (instance,
dst_type, instantiator tav, function tav), and allows us to test
* whether TTS handled the type test
* whether TTS was falling back to STC which handled the type test
* whether TTS (and STC) preserve the necessary registers
This CL also gets rid of TMP usage in TTS related code.
This CL also adds documentation about TTS to
runtime/docs/compiler/type_testing_stubs.md.
This CL also fixes two issues:
* handle all-dynamic null vector `as Foo<..., T, ...>`
* compare the actual type parameter value in `as Foo<..., T, ...>`
(instead of using type_class_id>)
There seem to be no major performance changes, some benchmarks change
positive/negative but many of them seem to be bi-modal.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/40964
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/40736
Change-Id: Iad41e405fe693c67be6221a18e3dad03cc0a5f24
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/139461
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Régis Crelier <regis@google.com>
> Header files should be self-contained (compile on their own) and end in .h. Non-header files that are meant for inclusion should end in .inc and be used sparingly.
>
> All header files should be self-contained. Users and refactoring tools should not have to adhere to special conditions to include the header. Specifically, a header should have header guards and include all other headers it needs.
This cleans up header files referring to types and functions defined in the files including those header files.
This does not clean up the include guards in xyz_<arch>.h. We have currently 45 such include guards. We can clean that up by moving the #ifdefs from xyz.h to the individual xyz_<arch>.h files. A list of header files which cannot stand on itself is maintained in runtime/tools/run_clang_tidy.dart.
Change-Id: I9ab1fc09056d86e8ac59a80c063a812633cf7c71
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-ffi-android-debug-arm-try,vm-ffi-android-debug-arm64-try,app-kernel-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-linux-debug-ia32-try,vm-kernel-win-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-win-debug-ia32-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-dartkb-linux-release-x64-abi-try,vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm64-try,vm-kernel-asan-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-linux-release-simarm-try,vm-kernel-linux-release-simarm64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm_x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-obfuscate-linux-release-x64-try,dart-sdk-linux-try,analyzer-analysis-server-linux-try,analyzer-linux-release-try,front-end-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-win-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-mac-debug-x64-try
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/135650
Commit-Queue: Daco Harkes <dacoharkes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
This is a Dart-tailored implementation of the "row-displacement
dispatch table" technique for closed-world instance calls:
All interface targets in the program are grouped into selectors such
that all targets that could potentially be called from the same call
site have the same selector (currently just grouped by name).
Each selector is assigned a selector offset such that offset + classid
is unique for all selector/classid combinations where the class
implements the selector.
At every instance call site that has an interface target (i.e. where
the static type of the receiver is not dynamic), the selector offset +
receiver classid is computed and used as index into a global table of
entry points.
If the receiver can be null (as determined by the front-end TFA and the
VM type propagation), a null check is inserted before the call.
An arguments descriptor is provided (only) for selectors that need it
(those which have type parameters or optional/named parameters).
The dispatch table calls don't need the monomorphic entry code, so for
functions that are only called via dispatch table calls (i.e. never
called dynamically), the monomorphic entry code is left out.
Some future improvements to the table dispatch implementation are
mentioned in https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/40188
The table dispatch flag is disabled by default in this commit. A
separate commit enables the flag.
Change-Id: Ic2911742b4a2c9a8d3bc7df60605454cbe4c0714
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/126648
Commit-Queue: Aske Simon Christensen <askesc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
This reverts commit 9eb531bde4.
Reason for revert: Bots are red. Some tests are failing.
https://ci.chromium.org/p/dart/builders/ci.sandbox/vm-kernel-precomp-obfuscate-linux-release-x64/6039https://ci.chromium.org/p/dart/builders/ci.sandbox/vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm_x64/957
Original change's description:
> [vm] Add support for real unboxed floating point fields in AOT
>
> Non-nullable floating point fields (double, Float32x4, Float64x2)
> are fully unboxed in their classes.
>
> A bitmap for each class was added to the shared class table in order to keep
> track of the pointers of the classes. Since all classes in Flutter Gallery
> have less than 64 fields, the bitmap is represented by a 64 bit integer and
> fields whose offset is more than 64 words are not unboxed.
>
> The instance sizes and field offsets might change between target and host
> in cross-compilation, since the number of words used to store unboxed fields
> may differ.
>
> dart-aot Xeon
>
> SplayLatency -4.62%
> SplayHarderLatency -4.17%
> NavierStokes -2.20%
> Tracer 8.72%
> ParticleSystemPaint 2.90%
> NBodySIMD 8.35%
> NBody 25.59%
>
> With hack TFA to make doubles in Rect/Offset/Size classes in flutter non-nullable:
>
> flutter arm-v8:
>
> gallery total size: -1%
>
> matrix_utils_transform_rect_perspective -16.70% (less is better)
> matrix_utils_transform_rect_affine -31.82% (less is better)
> matrix_utils_transform_point_perspective -24.90% (less is better)
> matrix_utils_transform_point_affine) -27.26% (less is better)
> rrect_contains_bench -4.719% (less is better)
>
> Change-Id: I9ae09c9c3167d99f9efd071a92937aa51093fd1d
> Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/131824
> Commit-Queue: Victor Agnez Lima <victoragnez@google.com>
> Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
> Reviewed-by: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
> Reviewed-by: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
TBR=kustermann@google.com,rmacnak@google.com,sjindel@google.com,victoragnez@google.com
Change-Id: Ic73858f6adb7f55c4129d4f46ff4731b378cb634
No-Presubmit: true
No-Tree-Checks: true
No-Try: true
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/134020
Reviewed-by: Zichang Guo <zichangguo@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Zichang Guo <zichangguo@google.com>
Non-nullable floating point fields (double, Float32x4, Float64x2)
are fully unboxed in their classes.
A bitmap for each class was added to the shared class table in order to keep
track of the pointers of the classes. Since all classes in Flutter Gallery
have less than 64 fields, the bitmap is represented by a 64 bit integer and
fields whose offset is more than 64 words are not unboxed.
The instance sizes and field offsets might change between target and host
in cross-compilation, since the number of words used to store unboxed fields
may differ.
dart-aot Xeon
SplayLatency -4.62%
SplayHarderLatency -4.17%
NavierStokes -2.20%
Tracer 8.72%
ParticleSystemPaint 2.90%
NBodySIMD 8.35%
NBody 25.59%
With hack TFA to make doubles in Rect/Offset/Size classes in flutter non-nullable:
flutter arm-v8:
gallery total size: -1%
matrix_utils_transform_rect_perspective -16.70% (less is better)
matrix_utils_transform_rect_affine -31.82% (less is better)
matrix_utils_transform_point_perspective -24.90% (less is better)
matrix_utils_transform_point_affine) -27.26% (less is better)
rrect_contains_bench -4.719% (less is better)
Change-Id: I9ae09c9c3167d99f9efd071a92937aa51093fd1d
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/131824
Commit-Queue: Victor Agnez Lima <victoragnez@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Fixes the changes to assembly snapshot writer in SIMARM_X64 mode. This unfortunately can't be tested until the ELF loader is available.
Take 2 is in patchset 1.
Change-Id: Ib8b067dd4f09dcba3b142705e9cb4dfbf4e3eb53
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/117726
Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
The original change is in Patchset 1.
The dependency contains the fix for the non-bare-instructions bot.
Change-Id: Iab02ab0736a2ee9144b667d2777ca526341b2a36
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-product-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm-try,vm-dartkb-linux-release-x64-abi-try,vm-kernel-precomp-bare-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-mac-debug-simarm_x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-win-release-x64-try
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/115241
Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
This reverts commit ecbea5a58e.
Reason for revert: broken with bare instructions and ABI bot
Original change's description:
> [vm/ffi] Implement FFI callbacks on AOT for ELF and Asm snapshots (excl. blobs).
>
> To do this, we add writable data sections (currently uninitialzed) to ELF and Asm snapshots
> and allow Instructions to have patchable relocations against (the start of) these sections.
>
> Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/37295 (see also for design & discussion).
>
> Change-Id: If20bfa55776f4044aaa6bb8ea2101d2ada41842c
> Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-product-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm-try
> Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/110221
> Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
> Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
TBR=kustermann@google.com,rmacnak@google.com,alexmarkov@google.com,sjindel@google.com
Change-Id: I9787da6d42575ca4f5ae0a698052a19ac4275afd
No-Presubmit: true
No-Tree-Checks: true
No-Try: true
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-product-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm-try
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/115240
Reviewed-by: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
To do this, we add writable data sections (currently uninitialzed) to ELF and Asm snapshots
and allow Instructions to have patchable relocations against (the start of) these sections.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/37295 (see also for design & discussion).
Change-Id: If20bfa55776f4044aaa6bb8ea2101d2ada41842c
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-product-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-android-release-arm-try
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/110221
Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
The original revision is in patchset 1.
Three bugs are fixed:
1. Fix SIMARM_X64 build: no need to generate trampolines for AOT or simulated JIT.
2. Hot-reload: Fix hot-reload: don't invalidate Code for force-optimized functions.
3. Windows: Provide shadow space to runtime routines.
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-precomp-mac-debug-simarm_x64-try,vm-kernel-precomp-mac-release-simarm_x64-try,vm-kernel-reload-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-reload-rollback-linux-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-win-debug-ia32-try,vm-kernel-win-debug-x64-try,vm-kernel-win-release-ia32-try,vm-kernel-win-release-x64-try
Change-Id: I326009cfacb51a84e9de4ddf9ff2d6d415460f91
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/113829
Commit-Queue: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Change some static_libraries to source_sets to make ODR violations link-time errors.
This is needed to enable (stop suppressing) -fvisibility=hidden in Fuchsia product builds.
Change-Id: I699cec8d4b516beab9cebf9db0a522a7ff99e004
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/99822
Reviewed-by: Zach Anderson <zra@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Ryan Macnak <rmacnak@google.com>
The catch entry moves are serialized in a space-efficient manner using a
suffix tree. The deserialization logic was not always correctly reading
the right catch entry moves which can cause incorrect stack frame on
catch entries and therefore can cause crashes.
Change-Id: Ic0eda8924f80262f5477ed5606eb6f74c55242c3
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/96104
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Vyacheslav Egorov <vegorov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
Prototype for `dart:ffi` on Linux/MacOS x64 in JIT mode.
`dart:ffi` is experimental and its API is likely to change in the future.
Progress and design decisions are tracked in https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/projects/13
issue: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/34452
Change-Id: Ifa4566388e42c8757f154741d11e303465ef305d
Cq-Include-Trybots: luci.dart.try:vm-kernel-optcounter-threshold-linux-release-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-debug-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-simarm-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-simarm64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-linux-release-x64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-mac-release-simarm64-try, vm-kernel-precomp-win-release-x64-try, vm-kernel-mac-debug-x64-try, vm-kernel-asan-linux-release-x64
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/80124
Reviewed-by: Samir Jindel <sjindel@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Daco Harkes <dacoharkes@google.com>
This is the next step towards preventing compiler from directly peeking
into runtime and instead interact with runtime through a well defined
surface.
This CL decouples the hand-written stub codes from the runtime. The
target architecture dependent stubs are moved to
dart::compiler::StubCodeCompiler which use dart::compiler::target:*
for accessing any runtime related code.
The generation of type testing stubs is moved to separate files for the
time being.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/31709
Change-Id: Icd0995b18a7bac496b1e12231cf437943f5c94f1
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/92720
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
This is the next step towards preventing compiler from directly peeking
into runtime and instead interact with runtime through a well defined
surface.
This CL decouples the hand-written stub codes from the runtime. The
target architecture dependent stubs are moved to
dart::compiler::StubCodeCompiler which use dart::compiler::target:*
for accessing any runtime related code.
The generation of type testing stubs is moved to separate files for the
time being.
Issue https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/31709
Change-Id: I1b4f1cca0acb704b30b80eca7f634734772389b5
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/92138
Commit-Queue: Martin Kustermann <kustermann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Aart Bik <ajcbik@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Markov <alexmarkov@google.com>
Martin Kustermann