diff --git a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/js/ddc/ddc_module_loader.js b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/js/ddc/ddc_module_loader.js
index c219f4ef8f1..09b5c8f7d34 100644
--- a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/js/ddc/ddc_module_loader.js
+++ b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/js/ddc/ddc_module_loader.js
@@ -1560,6 +1560,12 @@ if (!self.deferred_loader) {
      * application.
      */
     hotReloadEnd() {
+      // Clear RTI subtype caches before initializing libraries.
+      // These needs to be done before hot reload completes (and any new
+      // libraries initialize) in case subtype hierarchies updated.
+      let dartRtiLibrary = this.importLibrary('dart:_rti');
+      dartRtiLibrary.resetRtiSubtypeCaches();
+
       // On a hot reload, we reuse the existing library objects to ensure all
       // references remain valid and continue to be unique. We track in
       // `previouslyLoaded` which libraries already exist in the system, so we
diff --git a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/compiler_new.dart b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/compiler_new.dart
index f782234cacf..449bebefa2d 100644
--- a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/compiler_new.dart
+++ b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/compiler_new.dart
@@ -812,6 +812,24 @@ class LibraryCompiler extends ComputeOnceConstantVisitor<js_ast.Expression>
       ]).toStatement();
       _typeRuleLinks.add(addRulesStatement);
     }
+    // Reset type rules for all classes with empty type hierarchies. These
+    // classes implicitly extend `Object` and may have been updated after a
+    // hot reload. This is unnecessary for types in `liveInterfaceTypeRules`,
+    // as `addRules` overrides the old rules.
+    // TODO(57049): Only do this after a hot reload.
+    var emptyInterfaceTypeRecipes =
+        Set.from(_typeRecipeGenerator.visitedInterfaceTypeRecipes)
+          ..removeAll(typeRules.keys);
+    if (emptyInterfaceTypeRecipes.isNotEmpty) {
+      var template = '#._Universe.#(#, JSON.parse(#))';
+      var deleteRulesStatement = js.call(template, [
+        _emitLibraryName(_rtiLibrary),
+        _emitMemberName('deleteRules', memberClass: universeClass),
+        _runtimeCall('typeUniverse'),
+        js.string(jsonEncode(emptyInterfaceTypeRecipes.toList()), "'")
+      ]).toStatement();
+      _typeRuleLinks.add(deleteRulesStatement);
+    }
     // Update type rules for `LegacyJavaScriptObject` to add all interop
     // types in this module as a supertype.
     var updateRules = _typeRecipeGenerator.updateLegacyJavaScriptObjectRules;
diff --git a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/type_recipe_generator.dart b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/type_recipe_generator.dart
index 3f8cd6b1139..741ad0d28d2 100644
--- a/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/type_recipe_generator.dart
+++ b/pkg/dev_compiler/lib/src/kernel/type_recipe_generator.dart
@@ -71,6 +71,13 @@ class TypeRecipeGenerator {
   void addLiveTypeAncestries(InterfaceType type) =>
       _recipeVisitor.addLiveTypeAncestries(type);
 
+  /// Returns all recipes for [InterfaceType]s that have appeared in type
+  /// recipes.
+  List<String> get visitedInterfaceTypeRecipes => [
+        for (var type in _recipeVisitor.visitedInterfaceTypes)
+          interfaceTypeRecipe(type.classNode)
+      ];
+
   /// Returns a mapping of type hierarchies for all [InterfaceType]s that have
   /// appeared in type recipes.
   ///
diff --git a/sdk/lib/_internal/js_shared/lib/rti.dart b/sdk/lib/_internal/js_shared/lib/rti.dart
index df28aad75ad..65152c760a5 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/_internal/js_shared/lib/rti.dart
+++ b/sdk/lib/_internal/js_shared/lib/rti.dart
@@ -202,6 +202,9 @@ class Rti {
 
   Object? _isSubtypeCache;
 
+  static Object? _getRawIsSubtypeCache(Rti rti) => rti._isSubtypeCache;
+
+  /// Same as [_getRawIsSubtypeCache] but also initializes the cache.
   static Object? _getIsSubtypeCache(Rti rti) =>
       rti._isSubtypeCache ??= JS('', 'new Map()');
 
@@ -567,6 +570,24 @@ Rti _rtiBind(Rti environment, Rti types) {
   return _Universe.bind(_theUniverse(), environment, types);
 }
 
+/// Resets subtype caches on all evaluated RTIs.
+///
+/// This operation is used when subtyping relationships change in a running
+/// app (such as after a hot reload).
+void resetRtiSubtypeCaches() {
+  var universe = _theUniverse();
+  var cache = _Universe.evalCache(universe);
+  var values = _Utils.mapValues(cache);
+  var length = _Utils.arrayLength(values);
+  for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    Rti rti = _Utils.asRti(_Utils.arrayAt(values, i));
+    var sCache = Rti._getRawIsSubtypeCache(rti);
+    if (sCache != null) {
+      _Utils.mapClear(sCache);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /// Evaluate a ground-term type.
 /// Called from generated code.
 Rti findType(String recipe) {
@@ -2309,6 +2330,15 @@ class _Universe {
   static void addRules(Object? universe, Object? rules) =>
       _Utils.objectAssign(typeRules(universe), rules);
 
+  static void deleteRules(Object? universe, Object? types) {
+    var universeTypeRules = typeRules(universe);
+    var typeCount = _Utils.arrayLength(types);
+    for (int i = 0; i < typeCount; i++) {
+      var type = _Utils.asString(_Utils.arrayAt(types, i));
+      _Utils.objectDelete(universeTypeRules, type);
+    }
+  }
+
   /// Adds or updates existing type rules in the type [universe].
   ///
   /// This update is intended to add new rules to the set of rules that exist
@@ -4344,6 +4374,9 @@ class _Utils {
     }
   }
 
+  static void objectDelete(Object? o, Object? property) =>
+      JS('', 'delete #[#]', o, property);
+
   static Object? newArrayOrEmpty(int length) =>
       length > 0
           ? JS('', 'new Array(#)', length)
@@ -4380,6 +4413,11 @@ class _Utils {
   static bool stringLessThan(String s1, String s2) =>
       JS('bool', '# < #', s1, s2);
 
+  static JSArray mapValues(Object? map) =>
+      JS('JSArray', 'Array.from(#.values())', map);
+
+  static void mapClear(Object? map) => JS('', '#.clear()', map);
+
   static Object? mapGet(Object? cache, Object? key) =>
       JS('', '#.get(#)', cache, key);
 
diff --git a/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.0.dart b/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.0.dart
index ca9c35cc64d..a72c787e5fb 100644
--- a/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.0.dart
+++ b/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.0.dart
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ Future<void> main() async {
   await hotReload();
 
   // B is no longer a subtype of A.
-  Expect.equals(
-      "type '(A) => bool' is not a subtype of type '(B) => bool'", helper());
+  Expect.throws<TypeError>(
+      () => helper(),
+      (error) => '$error'.contains(
+          "type '(A) => bool' is not a subtype of type '(B) => bool'"));
   Expect.equals(1, hotReloadGeneration);
 }
diff --git a/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.1.dart b/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.1.dart
index d3250f854f3..1f91ea56db7 100644
--- a/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.1.dart
+++ b/tests/hot_reload/existing_field_changes_type_indirect_function/main.1.dart
@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@ class Foo {
 late Foo value;
 
 helper() {
-  try {
-    return value.x.toString();
-  } catch (e) {
-    return e.toString();
-  }
+  return value.x.toString();
 }
 
 Future<void> main() async {
@@ -36,8 +32,10 @@ Future<void> main() async {
   await hotReload();
 
   // B is no longer a subtype of A.
-  Expect.equals(
-      "type '(A) => bool' is not a subtype of type '(B) => bool'", helper());
+  Expect.throws<TypeError>(
+      () => helper(),
+      (error) => '$error'.contains(
+          "type '(A) => bool' is not a subtype of type '(B) => bool'"));
   Expect.equals(1, hotReloadGeneration);
 }
 /** DIFF **/
@@ -51,17 +49,13 @@ Future<void> main() async {
  
  typedef bool Predicate(B b);
  
-@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@
+@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@
  late Foo value;
  
  helper() {
 -  value = Foo((A a) => true);
 -  return 'okay';
-+  try {
-+    return value.x.toString();
-+  } catch (e) {
-+    return e.toString();
-+  }
++  return value.x.toString();
  }
  
  Future<void> main() async {